GRASS GIS manual: r.sunmask

Note: A new GRASS GIS stable version has been released: GRASS GIS 7.4, available here.
Updated manual page: here

NAME

r.sunmask - Calculates cast shadow areas from sun position and elevation raster map.
Either exact sun position (A) is specified, or date/time to calculate the sun position (B) by r.sunmask itself.

KEYWORDS

raster, solar, sun position, shadow

SYNOPSIS

r.sunmask

r.sunmask --help

r.sunmask [-zsg] elevation=name [output=name] [altitude=float] [azimuth=float] [year=integer] [month=integer] [day=integer] [hour=integer] [minute=integer] [second=integer] [timezone=integer] [east=value] [north=value] [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]

Flags:

-z: Do not ignore zero elevation
-s: Calculate sun position only and exit
-g: Print the sun position output in shell script style
--overwrite: Allow output files to overwrite existing files
--help: Print usage summary
--verbose: Verbose module output
--quiet: Quiet module output
--ui: Force launching GUI dialog

Parameters:

elevation=name [required]: Name of input elevation raster map
output=name: Name for output raster map
altitude=float: Altitude of the sun in degrees above the horizon (A); Options: 0-89.999
azimuth=float: Azimuth of the sun in degrees from north (A); Options: 0-360
year=integer: Year (B); Options: 1950-2050
month=integer: Month (B); Options: 0-12
day=integer: Day (B); Options: 0-31
hour=integer: Hour (B); Options: 0-24
minute=integer: Minutes (B); Options: 0-60
second=integer: Seconds (B); Options: 0-60; Default: 0
timezone=integer: Timezone; East positive, offset from GMT, also use to adjust daylight savings
east=value: Easting coordinate (point of interest); Default: map center
north=value: Northing coordinate (point of interest); Default: map center

DESCRIPTION
NOTES
EXAMPLE
Acknowledgements
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

DESCRIPTION

r.sunmask creates an output map layer based on an input elevation raster map layer and the sun position. The output map layer contains the cast shadow areas arising from sun shine and elevations. The user can define the sun position either directly or the module calculates it from given location and date/time parameters using the NREL sun position algorithm. So either "A:"-parameters to specify the exact known sun position or "B:-parameters" to specify date/time for sun position calculation by r.sunmask itself have to be used.

The module performs sunset/sunrise checks and refraction correction for sun position calculation. Local coordinate systems are internally transformed to latitude/longitude for the SOLPOS algorithm. The elevation is not considered in the sunset/sunrise calculations.

NOTES

r.sunmask and daylight savings: Rather than converting the local time to GMT, the SOLPOS algorithm uses what is called Local Standard Time, which is generally politically defined as an offset from GMT. So the key is the offset from GMT, which the solpos Time Zone parameter. If the user specifies clock time (different for winter and summer), s/he would have to change the Time Zone parameter seasonally in r.sunmask (timezone parameter). See also Daylight saving time by region and country.

Note: In latitude/longitude locations the position coordinates pair (east/west) has to be specified in decimal degree (not D:M:S). If not specified, the map center's coordinates will be used. Also g.region -l displays the map center's coordinates in latitude/longitude (or g.region -c in the actual coordinate system).

Note for module usage with the -g flag, when performing calculations close to sunset/sunrise:

 [...]
 sunangleabovehorizont=0.434240
 sunrise=07:59:19
 sunset=16:25:17
 Time (07:59:02) is before sunrise (07:59:19)!
 WARNING: Nothing to calculate. Please verify settings.
 No map calculation requested. Finished.

In above calculation it appears to be a mistake as the program indicates that we are before sunrise while the sun angle above horizon is already positive. The reason is that sun angle above horizon is calculated with correction for atmosphere refraction while sunrise and sunset are calculated without correction for atmosphere refraction. The output without -g flag contains related indications.

EXAMPLE

Example for North Carolina sample data set for the calculation of sun position angles and more:

# set the region to a place near Raleigh (NC)
g.region raster=elev_lid792_1m -p

# compute only sun position and no output map
r.sunmask -s elev_lid792_1m year=2012 month=2 \
          day=22 hour=10 minute=30 timezone=-5
Using map center coordinates: 638650.000000 220375.000000
Calculating sun position... (using solpos (V. 11 April 2001) from NREL)
2012/02/22, daynum: 53, time: 10:30:00 (decimal time: 10.500000)
long: -78.678856, lat: 35.736160, timezone: -5.000000
Solar position: sun azimuth: 143.006409, sun angle above horz. (refraction corrected): 36.233879
Sunrise time (without refraction): 06:58:11
Sunset time  (without refraction): 17:58:47

# with -g flag, useful for eval() shell function
r.sunmask -s -g elev_lid792_1m  year=2012 month=2 \
          day=22 hour=10 minute=30 timezone=-5
Using map center coordinates: 638650.000000 220375.000000
Calculating sun position... (using solpos (V. 11 April 2001) from NREL)
date=2012/02/22
daynum=53
time=10:30:00
decimaltime=10.500000
longitudine=-78.678856
latitude=35.736160
timezone=-5.000000
sunazimuth=143.006409
sunangleabovehorizon=36.233879
sunrise=06:58:11
sunset=17:58:47