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Multiple-producer-multiple-consumer signal-dispatching
dispatcher is the core of the PyDispatcher system, providing the primary API and the core logic for the system.
Module attributes of note:
- Any – Singleton used to signal either “Any Sender” or
- “Any Signal”. See documentation of the _Any class.
- Anonymous – Singleton used to signal “Anonymous Sender”
- See documentation of the _Anonymous class.
connections – { senderkey (id) : { signal : [receivers...]}} senders – { senderkey (id) : weakref(sender) }
used for cleaning up sender references on sender deletion
Connect receiver to sender for signal
messages/signals/events. Receivers must be hashable objects.
if weak is True, then receiver must be weak-referencable (more precisely saferef.safeRef() must be able to create a reference to the receiver).
Receivers are fairly flexible in their specification, as the machinery in the robustApply module takes care of most of the details regarding figuring out appropriate subsets of the sent arguments to apply to a given receiver.
signal – the signal to which the receiver should respond
if Any, receiver will receive any signal from the indicated sender (which might also be Any, but is not necessarily Any).
Otherwise must be a hashable Python object other than None (DispatcherError raised on None).
sender – the sender to which the receiver should respond
if Any, receiver will receive the indicated signals from any sender.
if Anonymous, receiver will only receive indicated signals from send/sendExact which do not specify a sender, or specify Anonymous explicitly as the sender.
Otherwise can be any python object.
returns None, may raise DispatcherTypeError
Disconnect receiver from sender for signal
receiver – the registered receiver to disconnect signal – the registered signal to disconnect sender – the registered sender to disconnect weak – the weakref state to disconnect
disconnect reverses the process of connect, the semantics for the individual elements are logically equivalent to a tuple of (receiver, signal, sender, weak) used as a key to be deleted from the internal routing tables. (The actual process is slightly more complex but the semantics are basically the same).
Get list of all receivers from global tables
This gets all receivers which should receive the given signal from sender, each receiver should be produced only once by the resulting generator
Get list of receivers from global tables
This utility function allows you to retrieve the raw list of receivers from the connections table for the given sender and signal pair.
Normally you would use liveReceivers(getReceivers(...)) to retrieve the actual receiver objects as an iterable object.
Filter sequence of receivers to get resolved, live receivers
This is a generator which will iterate over the passed sequence, checking for weak references and resolving them, then returning all live receivers.
Send signal from sender to all connected receivers.
signal – (hashable) signal value, see connect for details
sender – the sender of the signal
if Any, only receivers registered for Any will receive the message.
if Anonymous, only receivers registered to receive messages from Anonymous or Any will receive the message
Otherwise can be any python object (normally one registered with a connect if you actually want something to occur).
Return a list of tuple pairs [(receiver, response), ... ]
if any receiver raises an error, the error propagates back through send, terminating the dispatch loop, so it is quite possible to not have all receivers called if a raises an error.
Send signal only to those receivers registered for exact message
sendExact allows for avoiding Any/Anonymous registered handlers, sending only to those receivers explicitly registered for a particular signal on a particular sender.
Error types for dispatcher mechanism
Bases: exceptions.Exception
Base class for all Dispatcher errors
Bases: exceptions.KeyError, pydispatch.errors.DispatcherError
Error raised when unknown (sender,signal) set specified
Bases: exceptions.TypeError, pydispatch.errors.DispatcherError
Error raised when inappropriate signal-type specified (None)
Module implementing error-catching version of send (sendRobust)
Send signal from sender to all connected receivers catching errors
signal – (hashable) signal value, see connect for details
sender – the sender of the signal
if Any, only receivers registered for Any will receive the message.
if Anonymous, only receivers registered to receive messages from Anonymous or Any will receive the message
Otherwise can be any python object (normally one registered with a connect if you actually want something to occur).
Return a list of tuple pairs [(receiver, response), ... ]
if any receiver raises an error (specifically any subclass of Exception), the error instance is returned as the result for that receiver.
Robust apply mechanism
Provides a function “call”, which can sort out what arguments a given callable object can take, and subset the given arguments to match only those which are acceptable.
Refactored “safe reference” from dispatcher.py
Bases: object
‘Safe’ and reusable weak references to instance methods
BoundMethodWeakref objects provide a mechanism for referencing a bound method without requiring that the method object itself (which is normally a transient object) is kept alive. Instead, the BoundMethodWeakref object keeps weak references to both the object and the function which together define the instance method.
weakSelf – weak reference to the target object weakFunc – weak reference to the target function
Return a safe weak reference to a callable target
Created on Mon Mar 11 18:39:13 2013
@author Vaclav Petras <wenzeslaus gmail.com>
Bases: object
The signal object is created usually as a instance attribute. However, it can be created anywhere.
>>> signal1 = Signal('signal1')
The function has to be connected to a signal in order to be called when the signal is emitted. The connection can be done where the function is defined (e. g., a class) but also on some other place, typically, user of a class connects some signal to the method of some other class.
>>> def handler1():
... print "from handler1"
>>> signal1.connect(handler1)
Emitting of the signal is done usually only in the class which has the signal as a instance attribute. Again, generally, it can be emitted anywhere.
>>> signal1.emit()
from handler1
The signal can have parameters. These parameters are specified when emitting but should be documented together with the signal (e.g., in the class documentation). Parameters should be keyword arguments and handlers must use these names (if the names cannot be the same, lambda function can be used to overcome this problem).
>>> signal2 = Signal('signal2')
>>> def handler2(text):
... print "handler2: %s" % text
>>> signal2.connect(handler2)
>>> signal2.emit(text="Hello")
handler2: Hello
Do not emit the same signal with different parameters when emitting at different places.
A handler is the standard function, lambda function, method or any other callable object.
>>> import sys
>>> signal2.connect(lambda text:
... sys.stdout.write('lambda handler: %s\n' % text))
>>> signal2.emit(text="Hi")
handler2: Hi
lambda handler: Hi
The handler function can have only some of the signal parameters or no parameters at all even if the signal has some.
>>> def handler3():
... print "from handler3"
>>> signal2.connect(handler3)
>>> signal2.emit(text="Ciao")
handler2: Ciao
lambda handler: Ciao
from handler3
It is possible to use signal as a handler. By this, signals can be forwarded from one object to another. In other words, one object can expose signal of some object.
>>> signal3 = Signal('signal3')
>>> signal3.connect(handler3)
>>> signal1.connect(signal3)
>>> signal1.emit()
from handler1
from handler3
It is possible to disconnect a particular handler.
>>> signal3.disconnect(handler3)
>>> signal1.emit()
from handler1
>>> signal2.disconnect(handler2)
>>> signal2.disconnect(handler3)
>>> signal2.emit(text='Hello')
lambda handler: Hello
Connects handler to a signal.
Typically, a signal is defined in some class and the user of this class connects to the signal:
from module import SomeClass
...
self.someObject = SomeClass()
self.someObject.connect(self.someMethod)
Usually, it is not needed to set the weak parameter. This method creates weak references for all handlers but for lambda functions, it automatically creates (standard) references (otherwise, lambdas would be garbage collected. If you want to force some behaviour, specify the weak parameter.
>>> signal1 = Signal('signal1')
>>> import sys
>>> signal1.connect(lambda: sys.stdout.write('will print\n'))
>>> signal1.connect(lambda: sys.stdout.write('will print\n'), weak=False)
>>> signal1.connect(lambda: sys.stdout.write('will not print'), weak=True)
>>> signal1.emit()
will print
will print
Disconnects a specified handler.
It is not necessary to disconnect object when it is deleted. Underlying PyDispatcher will take care of connections to deleted objects.
>>> signal1 = Signal('signal1')
>>> import sys
>>> signal1.connect(sys.stdout.write)
>>> signal1.disconnect(sys.stdout.write)
The weak parameter of must have the same value as for connection. If you not specified the parameter when connecting, you don’t have to specify it when disconnecting.
Disconnecting the not-connected handler will result in error.
>>> signal1.disconnect(sys.stdout.flush)
Traceback (most recent call last):
DispatcherKeyError: 'No receivers found for signal <__main__.Signal object at 0x...> from sender _Any'
Traceback (most recent call last):
DispatcherKeyError: 'No receivers found for signal <__main__.Signal object at 0x...> from sender _Any'
Disconnecting the non-exiting or unknown handler will result in error.
>>> signal1.disconnect(some_function)
Traceback (most recent call last):
NameError: name 'some_function' is not defined
>>> signal1.emit()
Traceback (most recent call last):
NameError: name 'some_function' is not defined
Emits the signal which means that all connected handlers will be called.
It is advised to have signals as instance attributes and emit signals only in the class which owns the signal:
class Abc(object):
def __init__(self):
self.colorChanged = Signal('Abc.colorChanged')
...
def setColor(self, color):
...
self.colorChanged.emit(oldColor=self.Color, newColor=color)
...
Documentation of an signal should be placed to the class documentation or to the code (this need to be more specified).
Calling a signal from outside the class is usually not good practice. The only case when it is permitted is when signal is the part of some globaly shared object and permission to emit is stayed in the documentation.
The parameters of the emit function must be the same as the parameters of the handlers. However, handler can omit some parameters. The associated parameters shall be documented for each Signal instance. Use only keyword arguments when emitting.
>>> signal1 = Signal('signal1')
>>> def mywrite(text):
... print text
>>> signal1.connect(mywrite)
>>> signal1.emit(text='Hello')
Hello
>>> signal1.emit()
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: mywrite() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
>>> signal1.emit('Hello')
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: send() got multiple values for keyword argument 'signal'
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: send() got multiple values for keyword argument 'signal'
Multi-consumer multi-producer dispatching mechanism
This Python library is used e.g. in wxGUI. The purpose of the library is to provide mechanism for communication between objects in wxGUI. The library consists of two parts:
In short, simple function calls are not sufficient in the GUI, event driven and large environment with many persistent objects because using simple function calls would lead to tightly coupled code. Thus, some better mechanism is needed such as Observer design pattern. In GRASS GIS, we use the Signal system which is similar to Signals used in PyQt and other frameworks. As the underlying library, we have chosen PyDispatcher because it provides very general API which enables to implement Signal API, wide and robust functionality which makes implementation and use of Signals easier.
PyDispatcher metadata:
version: | 2.0.3 |
---|---|
author: | Patrick K. O’Brien |
license: | BSD-style, see license.txt for details |
Note: A new GRASS GIS stable version has been released: GRASS GIS 7.8. Go directly to the new manual page here
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