GRASS GIS 8 Programmer's Manual  8.5.0dev(2024)-36359e2344
GRASS GIS 8 Programmer's Manual

GRASS GIS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) is an open source, free software Geographical Information System (GIS) with raster, topological vector, image processing, and graphics production functionality that operates on various platforms through a graphical user interface (GUI) or command line interface (CLI). It is released under GNU General Public License (GPL).

This manual introduces the reader to the Geographic Resources Analysis Support System from the programming perspective. Design theory, system support libraries, system maintenance, and system enhancement are all presented. This work is part of ongoing research being performed by the GRASS Development Team, an international team of programmers, GRASS module authors are cited within their module's source code and the contributed manual pages.

© 2000-2024 by the GRASS Development Team

This manual is published under GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. The development of GRASS software and this manual is kindly supported by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation, who provides the GRASS main infrastructure.

Main web site: https://grass.osgeo.org

Note: Missing entries below still need to be documented in Doxygen format.

GRASS GIS Architecture

Libraries

Core libraries

(the name refers to the directory name in lib/ in the source code)

Further libraries

(the name refers to the directory name in lib/ in the source code)

Display Libraries and Drivers

Math and Statistics Libraries

Raster Libraries

Imagery Libraries (image processing)

Vector Libraries

Search tree libraries

Database Management Libraries

OpenGL Libraries and friends

Python API

Projection Libraries

Miscellaneous Libraries

Adding External Libraries

The following files must be added or updated when including a new external library.

  • add: lib/external/newlib
  • add: lib/external/newlib/*.c
  • add: lib/external/newlib/*.h
  • add: lib/external/newlib/LICENSE
  • add: lib/external/newlib/Makefile
  • update: lib/external/Makefile
  • update: lib/external/README.license
  • update: lib/README.md
  • update: include/Make/Install.make
  • update: include/Make/Grass.make
  • update: Makefile

File structure of GRASS Location

A GRASS raster map consists of several files in several subdirectories in a mapset, organized as follows:

cellhd/
map header including projection code, coordinates representing the spatial extent of the raster map, number of rows and columns, resolution, and information about map compression;
cell/, fcell/ or grid3/
generic matrix of values in a compressed, portable format which depends on the raster data type (integer, floating point or 3D grid);
hist/
history file which contains metadata such as the data source, the command that was used to generate the raster map, or other information provided by the user;
cats/
optional category file which contains text or numeric labels assigned to the raster map categories;
colr/
optional color table;
cell_misc/
optional timestamp, range of values, quantization rules (for floating point maps) and null (no-data) files;

A GRASS vector maps are stored in several separate files in a single directory (see GRASS Vector Library). While the attributes are stored in either a DBF file, a SQLite file or in an external DBMS (PostgreSQL, MySQL, ODBC), the geometric data are saved as follows:

head
vector map ASCII header with information about the map creation (date and name), its scale and threshold;
coor
binary geometry file which includes the coordinates of graphic elements (primitives) that define the vector feature;
topo
binary topology file describes the spatial relationships between the map's graphic elements;
hist
history ASCII file with complete commands that were used to create the vector map, as well as the name and date/time of the map creation;
cidx
binary category index file which is used to link the vector object IDs to the attribute table rows;
dbln
ASCII file which contains definition(s) of link to attribute storage in database (DBMS).
Diagram of GRASS file structure

Compiling and Installing GRASS Modules

GRASS modules are compiled and installed using the UNIX make command, which reads a file named Makefile (see Multiple-Architecture Conventions for more information) and then runs the compiler. The GRASS compilation process allows for multiple-architecture compilation from a single copy of the source code (for instance, if the source code is NFS mounted to various machines with differing architectures). This chapter assumes that the programmer is familiar with make and its accompanying Makefile.

To compile enter following:

./configure
make
make install

Then the code will be compiled into "/usr/local/grass-7.x.y" directory. The start script "grass7x" will be placed into "/usr/local/bin/".

Optionally other target directories can be specified while "configuring":

./configure --prefix=/opt/grass-7.x.y --with-bindir=/usr/bin
make
make install

This will store the GRASS binaries into the directory "/opt/grass-7.x.y" and the script mentioned above into "/usr/bin".

The script "make" is required to compile single modules. The compilation process and requirements are discussed in more detail now.

Makefile Variables

Todo:
Update the list.

GRASS Libraries. The following variables name the various GRASS libraries:

  • GISLIB - This names the GIS Library, which is the principal GRASS library. See GRASS GIS General Library (aka GIS Library) for details about this library, and Loading the GIS Library for a sample Makefile which loads this library.
  • SEGMENTLIB - This names the Segment Library, which manages large matrix data. See GRASS Segment Library for details about this library, and Loading the Segment Library for a sample Makefile which loads this library.
  • RASTERLIB - This names the Raster Library, which is the principal GRASS library for raster data access. See GRASS Raster Library for details about this library, and Loading the Raster Library for a sample Makefile which loads this library.
  • VECTORLIB - This names the Vector Library, which is the principal GRASS library for vector data access. See GRASS Vector Library for details about this library, and Loading_the_Vector_Library for a sample Makefile which loads this library.
  • DISPLAYLIB - This names the Display Library, which communicates with GRASS graphics drivers. See GRASS Display Library for details about this library, and Loading_the_Display_Library for a sample Makefile which loads this library.

UNIX Libraries: The following variables name some useful UNIX system libraries:

  • MATHLIB - This names the math library. It should be used instead of the -lm loader option.

Compiler and loader variables. The following variables are related to compiling and loading C programs:

  • EXTRA_CFLAGS - This variable can be used to add additional options to $CFLAGS. It has no predefined values. It is usually used to specify additional -I include directories, or -D preprocessor defines.

Constructing a Makefile

The complete syntax for a Makefile is discussed in the UNIX documentation for make and will not be repeated here. The essential idea is that a target (e.g. a GRASS module) is to be built from a list of dependencies (e.g. object files, libraries, etc.). The relationship between the target, its dependencies, and the rules for constructing the target is expressed according to the following syntax:

target: dependencies
actions
more actions

If the target does not exist, or if any of the dependencies have a newer date than the target (i.e., have changed), the actions will be executed to build the target. The actions must be indented using a TAB. make is picky about this. It does not like spaces in place of the TAB.

Multiple-Architecture Conventions

The following conventions allow for multiple architecture compilation on a machine that uses a common or networked GRASS source code directory tree.

Object files and library archives are compiled into subdirectories that represent the architecture that they were compiled on. These subdirectories are created in the $SRC directory as OBJ.arch and LIB.arch, where arch represents the architecture of the compiling machine. Thus, for example, $SRC/OBJ.sun4 would contain the object files for Sun/4 and SPARC architectures, and $SRC/LIB.686-pc-linux-gnu would contain library archives for Linux architectures. Likewise, $SRC/OBJ.686-pc-linux-gnu would contain the object files for Linux architectures, and $SRC/LIB.686-pc-linux-gnu would contain library archives for Linux architectures.

Note that 'arch' is defined for a specific architecture during setup and compilation of GRASS, it is not limited to sun4 or any specific string.

Vector modules and their parameters/flags

A module is a GRASS command invoked by the user.

Modules operation

Each module which modifies and writes data must read from input and write to output so that data may not be lost. For example v.spag works on map at in GRASS GIS 5.0 but if program (system) crashes or threshold was specified incorrectly and vector was not backuped, data were lost. In this case map option should be replaced by input and output.

Topology is always built by default if the coor file was modified.

Dimensionality is generally kept. Input 2D vector is written as 2D, 3D as 3D. There are a few modules which change the dimension on purpose.

Modules parameters/flags

Flags:

  • -b do not build topo file; by default topo file is written
  • -t create new table, default
  • -u don't create new table
  • -z write 3D vector map (if input was 2D)

Parameters:

  • map input vector map for modules without output
  • input input vector map
  • output output vector map
  • type type of elements: point,line,boundary,centroid,area
  • cat category or category list (example: 1,5,9-13,35)
  • layer layer number or name
  • where condition of SQL statement for selection of records
  • column column name (in external table)